生活

一个时代的结束——哈密三道岭之废墟

从戈壁中来,终将回到戈壁中去

三道岭位于新疆哈密,以“中国最后还在使用的蒸汽火车”著称,但作者关注的是其计划经济时代的历史废墟。三道岭分为多个区域:仅中心区有人居住,南泉几乎废弃,北泉和老三道岭早已废弃。三道岭是典型的资源型城市,从兴盛到衰落的缩影。

  1. #三道岭
  2. #新疆哈密
  3. #废墟
  4. #历史
  5. #煤矿
  6. #蒸汽火车
  7. #城市衰亡
  8. #资源型城市

940

The image shows the ancient city of Ur, located in the city of Ur in Iraq. The city is surrounded by ruins, including a large stone column and a pile of rubble. The sky is clear blue, and the sun casts a warm glow on the ruins. The image captures the ruins' grandeur and the city's historical significance.The image shows the ancient city of Ur, located in the city of Ur in Iraq. The city is surrounded by ruins, including a large stone column and a pile of rubble. The sky is clear blue, and the sun casts a warm glow on the ruins. The image captures the ruins' grandeur and the city's historical significance.

三道岭位于新疆哈密,近年来凭借其“中国最后还在使用的蒸汽火车”而闻名。但吸引我前往的是那里数个兴建于计划经济时代的废墟。

我对废墟本身并不感兴趣。我关注的并不是废墟本身,而是废墟曾经的历史,以及在那个时代大背景下经历了怎样的从零到有、兴盛繁荣,又是如何不可避免的走向衰落。所以我去了百口泉茫崖石棉矿冷湖,将来还会去更多类似地方。

三道岭作为煤矿的开采历史可以追溯到清朝,但基本没有那时候留下来的痕迹了。目前我们能见到的三道岭,基本来源于1958年哈密矿务局的成立。关于三道岭早期的历史可以阅读三道岭煤矿简史

介绍一下三道岭各个区域的方位。

An aerial view of a desert landscape with a winding river, a town, and a mountain range in the background.An aerial view of a desert landscape with a winding river, a town, and a mountain range in the background.

目前唯一有大量人口定居的镇区,现在叫三道岭镇,以前也被叫做中心区、西工地。在其东侧是北泉。东南方向是老三道岭,也就是清朝就有人在此定居的三道岭村。中心区南方为南泉,露天矿居住区。距离10公里、露天矿的西北方向是后窑,这也是最早开采的区域。

目前只有中心区有大量人口居住,南泉只剩下少数老人和一个派出所警务站,其他三个地区均已废弃。

去三道岭的外地人大多是去拍蒸汽火车的,除了南泉因为靠近机修厂和容易抵达也被不少人拍过,其他三片废墟目前在网上并没有太多相关信息,尤其是图片。本文可能是最详尽的一篇了。

接下来一个个说。

后窑

最早开采的区域。大部分建筑兴建于1958年至60年代初,1981年因为可采资源枯竭撤销废弃。曾经有小学、食堂、浴池、工人俱乐部,现在部分地方被剧组改建。这里就是《无人区》片尾决斗发生的地方。

前往后窑的路上还可以看到有地面上很多冒着硫磺味的蒸汽,这是因为煤层在地下发热。如果不加控制可能会导致燃烧。所以矿区需要定期巡逻,避免形成地火。

An old, crumbling structure with weathered stone pillars stands in a barren desert landscape, with a clear blue sky in the background.An old, crumbling structure with weathered stone pillars stands in a barren desert landscape, with a clear blue sky in the background.
An old, dilapidated building with a triangular roof and a clock on the front, surrounded by a fence and a tall antenna, set against a clear blue sky.An old, dilapidated building with a triangular roof and a clock on the front, surrounded by a fence and a tall antenna, set against a clear blue sky.
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
此处为剧组搭建
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
剧组搭建。褐家山并不存在。
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
剧组布景
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
剧组布景
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
剧组布景
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
剧组布景
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
剧组布景
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
剧组布景
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑
三道岭后窑三道岭后窑

更多后窑图片见《三道岭后窑废墟》。

南泉

南泉是露天矿配套的生活居住区,《无人区》开头在饭馆吃饭那幕在这里取景。

当我在这里等待蒸汽火车的时候,一个老人过来跟我攀谈。根据她的说法,露天矿巅峰时期有一两万人,南泉也是这几个居住区里废弃时间最晚的,如今仍有几十个老人在此居住。除此之外没有任何商业,只有一个警务站孤零零的在空无一人的大街上闪烁着。

当我问到为什么不搬到中心区(三道岭镇)上去,老人回答子女也不在当地,镇上也没有认识的人。还给我讲起了她家好几个儿孙辈如今都在哪里。可能是平时很难见到外来的人,老人倾诉欲很强。感觉挺唏嘘的。

不像后窑、北泉这种兴建年代早,废弃时间早(至少80年代)的居住区,根据一栋已经没有人居住的楼房里贴的通知,南泉直到2002年仍有不少人居住。

A large brick building with a white roof and a chimney is surrounded by a metal fence and a dirt lot. The sky is clear blue.A large brick building with a white roof and a chimney is surrounded by a metal fence and a dirt lot. The sky is clear blue.
An old, dilapidated building with a broken window and a broken door stands in a barren, rocky landscape. Trees surround the building, and a pile of rocks is visible in the foreground.An old, dilapidated building with a broken window and a broken door stands in a barren, rocky landscape. Trees surround the building, and a pile of rocks is visible in the foreground.
An old, dilapidated building with a red door and a broken window, surrounded by debris and a tree, is captured in a photograph.An old, dilapidated building with a red door and a broken window, surrounded by debris and a tree, is captured in a photograph.
A worn wooden door with peeling paint and a green lock, attached to a white wall, is covered in yellow and black signs.A worn wooden door with peeling paint and a green lock, attached to a white wall, is covered in yellow and black signs.
可见至迟2002年这里还有人居住
A weathered blue wooden door with a small window is on a cement wall, with a cat sitting on the door.A weathered blue wooden door with a small window is on a cement wall, with a cat sitting on the door.
An old, dilapidated brick building with a large window and a chimney is surrounded by a dirt road and a fence.An old, dilapidated brick building with a large window and a chimney is surrounded by a dirt road and a fence.
可能是一处汽车候车室
An old, abandoned building with a broken wall, a broken doorway, and a broken wooden bench.An old, abandoned building with a broken wall, a broken doorway, and a broken wooden bench.
候车室内部

但到了2021年,这里只有极少数老人还在坚守,通过窗户玻璃是否完好、是否安装空调可以看出,这里最后一些居民也将在未来几年永远地离开。

An aerial view of a large, empty, and barren landscape with a few scattered buildings and a road running through it.An aerial view of a large, empty, and barren landscape with a few scattered buildings and a road running through it.
An aerial view of a residential area with numerous apartment buildings, surrounded by greenery and a large field, under a clear blue sky.An aerial view of a residential area with numerous apartment buildings, surrounded by greenery and a large field, under a clear blue sky.
An aerial view of a barren desert landscape with a large construction site in the center, surrounded by scattered buildings and trees.An aerial view of a barren desert landscape with a large construction site in the center, surrounded by scattered buildings and trees.
An aerial view of a large industrial area with a train track, buildings, and a road, surrounded by a vast desert landscape.An aerial view of a large industrial area with a train track, buildings, and a road, surrounded by a vast desert landscape.
An aerial view of a desert-like area with a large construction site in the center, surrounded by buildings and structures.An aerial view of a desert-like area with a large construction site in the center, surrounded by buildings and structures.
An aerial view of an old, dilapidated building with multiple levels, surrounded by a barren desert landscape.An aerial view of an old, dilapidated building with multiple levels, surrounded by a barren desert landscape.
An aerial view of a large, well-maintained train yard with multiple train tracks, a large storage facility, and a few buildings.An aerial view of a large, well-maintained train yard with multiple train tracks, a large storage facility, and a few buildings.

更多图片:《三道岭南泉生活区》。

北泉

哈密煤矿筹建处成立后,曾将这里兴建为职工居住区。废弃时间不明但应该没有使用太久,应该废弃的比后窑还早。

因为前往北泉必须要走前往二矿的企业内部道路,人家没让我进。所以我只得开到南边,徒步穿越戈壁到达这里。还好是冬天,若是夏天估计得晒死。

An ancient city ruins in a desert-like environment, with a clear blue sky and a few scattered clouds.An ancient city ruins in a desert-like environment, with a clear blue sky and a few scattered clouds.
An ancient brick building with arched windows stands in a desert-like landscape, surrounded by rocks and power lines. The clear blue sky contrasts with the earthy tones of the ruins.An ancient brick building with arched windows stands in a desert-like landscape, surrounded by rocks and power lines. The clear blue sky contrasts with the earthy tones of the ruins.
An old brick building with three arched windows and a yellow sign stands in a desert-like environment, with a clear blue sky above.An old brick building with three arched windows and a yellow sign stands in a desert-like environment, with a clear blue sky above.
An old, dilapidated building with dilapidated columns and a dirt floor.An old, dilapidated building with dilapidated columns and a dirt floor.

老三道岭

这里是三道岭地区最早有人定居的地方,曾经有小片农田和驿站。后来1958年哈密煤矿筹建处成立,接管三道岭煤矿,这里成了一矿职工的居住区。建有粮站、卫生所、工人俱乐部、小学,居住了数千人。后由于地下煤层开采,处于采空区的老三道岭不得不搬迁。时间大概是80年代中期。

因为在前往北泉的过程中消耗了大部分体力,我已经没精力再走去老三道岭了。只得放飞无人机拍点照片。

An aerial view of a desert city with a grid-like layout of buildings and structures, surrounded by sandy terrain and a few hills.An aerial view of a desert city with a grid-like layout of buildings and structures, surrounded by sandy terrain and a few hills.
An aerial view of a desert city with a grid-like layout, surrounded by sandy terrain and scattered buildings. The city is surrounded by a vast expanse of sand and a few scattered trees. The sky is clear, and the city appears to be in a remote location.An aerial view of a desert city with a grid-like layout, surrounded by sandy terrain and scattered buildings. The city is surrounded by a vast expanse of sand and a few scattered trees. The sky is clear, and the city appears to be in a remote location.
An aerial view of a vast desert landscape with a large structure in the center, surrounded by a sandy terrain and scattered rocks.An aerial view of a vast desert landscape with a large structure in the center, surrounded by a sandy terrain and scattered rocks.
An aerial view of a desert city with a grid-like layout, surrounded by a vast expanse of sand and a few scattered buildings. The city is surrounded by a clear blue sky, and the image is taken from a high vantage point.An aerial view of a desert city with a grid-like layout, surrounded by a vast expanse of sand and a few scattered buildings. The city is surrounded by a clear blue sky, and the image is taken from a high vantage point.

中心区(三道岭镇)

中心区也是目前唯一有大量人口定居的区域,比我想象的要热闹一些。但你仍能感觉到这是一个正在走向衰亡的城市。

感觉这里跟二十年前的唯一变化就是现在支持电子支付,其他的什么都没变。

哈密三道岭镇哈密三道岭镇
哈密三道岭镇哈密三道岭镇

更多图片:《新疆哈密三道岭镇》。

三道岭是绝大多数资源型城市的缩影,这里从戈壁中诞生,最终也将消逝于戈壁。