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阿拉伯文字的艺术、设计和开发:伊斯兰书法和字体

阿拉伯字母简介和伊斯兰书法风格的介绍

为研究网页的RTL适配,我学习了阿拉伯书法和字体,并决定将这些信息整理成系列文章介绍给中文世界。共3+1篇,从艺术、设计和开发角度探讨阿拉伯文字,介绍其历史、种类、特点和书法应用,以及不同书写方向的文化背景,并解释文字和语言的关系。

  1. #阿拉伯文字
  2. #书法
  3. #字体
  4. #艺术
  5. #古兰经
  6. #伊斯兰教

1266

A hand is cutting a piece of black Arabic calligraphy on a wooden table, with a knife and wooden pliers nearby.A hand is cutting a piece of black Arabic calligraphy on a wooden table, with a knife and wooden pliers nearby.

因为最近在研究网页的RTL适配,促使我了解了一些阿拉伯书法和字体的知识。越了解越觉得应该把这个优秀且丰富多样的艺术介绍给不知道的人。然而中文世界里相关信息比较散乱,于是我决定把这段时间搜集到的信息整理成文章。

本系列文章分为3+1篇,将从设计师/开发者的视角,从艺术、设计到开发,三个方向来介绍阿拉伯文字。

第一篇从艺术角度,介绍阿拉伯文的历史,字体的种类和特点,书法的应用。

第二篇从设计角度,介绍RTL布局的特点,应该如何为这种布局进行设计。

第三篇从web开发角度,以一个网页demo为例,介绍如何将一个LTR主流布局转换成RTL布局。

番外篇将介绍一下其他的从右到左书写的文字。如犹太人的希伯来字母、叙利亚字母、马尔代夫的它拿字母等。

语言、文字和宗教

进入正题之前,我们需要厘清几个概念。因为我发现很多人将民族、语言、文字、宗教的内涵混为一谈,对伊斯兰教和穆斯林也不甚了解。

我真的见过不少人以为回族的母语就是阿拉伯语,以为维吾尔语跟阿拉伯语很接近,以为中亚生活着阿拉伯人。

但这些认识全都是错的。

ژٍّ شٍ عَر ذِيِوْ، ذَىْ طٌيًا حْـ ٿ‬ُوًالِ شْا ءِلُوُ پٍْدْع

看到上面这行文字,你脑海里闪过的词是什么?

伊斯兰教?阿拉伯人?回回?波斯?还是中亚的各种斯坦?

不了解的人往往会把这些关键词混为一谈,但假如你会阿拉伯字母的拼读,就会发现上面这个其实是一句纯粹的汉语:人人生而自由,在尊严和权利上一律平等。

尽管阿拉伯文字的确跟伊斯兰教密切相关,但两者不是互为充要条件。

以各位都熟悉的英语为例,拼写英语的字符叫拉丁字母。abcdefg这些字母不光能拼写英语,还能拼写德语、法语、意大利语、西班牙语,事实上世界上大部分语言都使用拉丁字母来拼写。拉丁字母也能用来拼写汉语,也就是汉语拼音。

A black and white image of a white background with black text on it.A black and white image of a white background with black text on it.
这里面有12种语言,但只有一种文字

尽管有些文字往往和特定语言挂钩——典型的如汉字和汉语的关系——但文字和语言不是一回事。理论上讲,任何一种文字都能用来书写任何一种语言。历史上的越南朝鲜和现在的日本,都用汉字记录自己的语言,锡伯族、满族、蒙古族都用源自粟特文的回鹘字母记录自己的语言,诸多信仰伊斯兰教的民族选择用阿拉伯字母拼写自己的语言。

因此,尽管阿拉伯字母看上去都是弯弯曲曲的线条,但其拼写的语言可能千差万别。可能是阿拉伯语,可能是波斯语,可能是普什图语,也可能是维吾尔语哈萨克语,还有可能是汉语。

A mobile app with a white background and a grid of various stores in different languagesA mobile app with a white background and a grid of various stores in different languages
一个新疆当地的外卖小程序

上面那段文字,其实就是用阿拉伯字母拼写的汉语。这种用阿拉伯字母记录汉语的文字系统叫“小儿经”。在几百年前,生活在元朝的回回虽然可以用阿拉伯语学习《古兰经》,但对汉字的掌握程度却不高。于是他们发明了这套用阿拉伯文拼汉字的做法。一直用到上个世纪。

再比如哈萨克斯坦,最初他们用阿拉伯字母拼写哈萨克语,现在新疆的哈萨克族还在用这套文字。后来加入了苏联,改成跟俄文一样的西里尔字母。现在他们又决定改成拉丁字母了。

说这么多只是想帮助各位分清文字和语言的关系,虽然大多数情况下的确是穆斯林在使用阿拉伯字母,描写的内容大多数也的确是宗教题材。但还是不能完全等同。

特点

阿拉伯文一个最显著的特点就是它从右往左书写。目前已知所有字母的祖先腓尼基字母就是从右往左书写,然后经过腓尼基字母—阿拉姆字母—纳巴泰字母的发展,阿拉伯字母也继承了从右到左的方向。

所以问题变成了:为什么腓尼基用这种方向?

这个问题目前还没有定论,只能推测。

目前主流的从左到右书写的最大好处是手不会蹭到刚写的字。可对于诞生于早于造纸术的文字来说,这个好处在当时是不存在的。

文字的形态和字体的样式深受文字的载体的影响。很绕是吗?我举几个例子。

  • 楔形文字是用芦苇杆在泥板上书写,所以呈现出独特的笔锋。

  • 拉丁字符里的衬线体,起源于石刻。在雕刻前需要用方头笔先描出字样,而直接用笔刷会导致笔画末尾出现毛糙,于是增加了衬线规避这个问题。

  • 宋体是因为雕版用的木头纹理,导致不同方向雕刻粗细线难度不同。

  • 过去汉字是从右到左从上到下的方向,是因为最初在竹简上书写,再卷成侧。右手拿一边,左手展开简牍更方便。

这几个例子表明,文字的书写方向和字体的样式取决于书写的方式和材质。

可能在腓尼基时期,他们觉得在泥板这种材质上写字,从右到左更有利于发挥右手的长处。

总之,这个方向就一直被继承下来,一直在阿拉伯、希伯来等文字中使用。

阿拉伯字母有18个基础形状,通过附加点形成了28个字母。

A collection of Arabic letters arranged in a grid patternA collection of Arabic letters arranged in a grid pattern

每个字母在单词中不同的位置会有不同的样式。如果你尝试输入阿拉伯文就会发现,每敲一下,整个单词就会变一点,直到整个单词输入完成。这也导致阿拉伯文的变化相比拉丁体系更加多端,更有创造性发挥的空间。

A black and white image of a Chinese character grid with Chinese characters on a white background.A black and white image of a Chinese character grid with Chinese characters on a white background.

古兰经

阿拉伯文和伊斯兰书法的发展与古兰经密切相关。第三任哈里发组织修订了一个官方版本,从此以后古兰经再未有任何修改。古兰经里的语言也深刻影响着当代的标准阿拉伯语,以及文字。

伊斯兰教严格的禁止偶像崇拜也促使伊斯兰世界在艺术上致力于研究非具象的图形,其纹饰设计达到了可以说是登峰造极的地步。

A captivating pattern of blue and white geometric shapes, resembling a flower or leaf, is meticulously arranged in a grid-like pattern. The shapes are evenly spaced, creating a sense of symmetry and balance. The background is a soothing light blue color, contrasting with the white shapes and enhancing their visibility. The image is framed by a white border, providing a clean and minimalist aesthetic.A captivating pattern of blue and white geometric shapes, resembling a flower or leaf, is meticulously arranged in a grid-like pattern. The shapes are evenly spaced, creating a sense of symmetry and balance. The background is a soothing light blue color, contrasting with the white shapes and enhancing their visibility. The image is framed by a white border, providing a clean and minimalist aesthetic.
The image showcases the intricate architecture of the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. The ceiling is adorned with blue and white tiles, creating a mesmerizing pattern. The arches and columns are adorned with intricate designs, and the overall color scheme is a harmonious blend of blue and white. The perspective is from below, looking up at the ceiling, emphasizing the grandeur of the structure. The image is taken from a low angle, emphasizing the height and scale of the building. The image showcases the intricate architecture of the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. The ceiling is adorned with blue and white tiles, creating a mesmerizing pattern. The arches and columns are adorned with intricate designs, and the overall color scheme is a harmonious blend of blue and white. The perspective is from below, looking up at the ceiling, emphasizing the grandeur of the structure. The image is taken from a low angle, emphasizing the height and scale of the building.
The image showcases the intricate, ornate ceiling of the Alhambra Palace in Istanbul, Turkey. The ceiling is adorned with geometric patterns in blue, yellow, and green hues, with intricate floral designs and geometric shapes. The perspective is from below, looking upwards, emphasizing the grandeur and craftsmanship of the architecture.The image showcases the intricate, ornate ceiling of the Alhambra Palace in Istanbul, Turkey. The ceiling is adorned with geometric patterns in blue, yellow, and green hues, with intricate floral designs and geometric shapes. The perspective is from below, looking upwards, emphasizing the grandeur and craftsmanship of the architecture.
The image features an intricate Islamic calligraphy design, enclosed within a circular border. The calligraphy is in Arabic, with a central white circle surrounded by a rich brown border. The design is symmetrical, with a central star and a border of blue and red. The calligraphy is meticulously arranged, with each line and section contributing to the overall composition. The image is a representation of Islamic culture and tradition, showcasing the rich history and artistic traditions of the region.The image features an intricate Islamic calligraphy design, enclosed within a circular border. The calligraphy is in Arabic, with a central white circle surrounded by a rich brown border. The design is symmetrical, with a central star and a border of blue and red. The calligraphy is meticulously arranged, with each line and section contributing to the overall composition. The image is a representation of Islamic culture and tradition, showcasing the rich history and artistic traditions of the region.

伊斯兰书法

另一个艺术上的高峰就是书法。因为使用场景的不同,产生了众多书法风格(script)。

古兰经的文字需要清晰且庄重,于是有了Muhaqqaq;诗歌的字体需要优雅,于是有了Nasta‘liq;个人使用需要容易阅读和书写,于是有了Riq‘a;皇室需要一个看起来官方正式、又足够复杂难以伪造,于是有了Divani。

这些手写体风格之间有的差异显著,有的不太明显。下面将用大量图片介绍几个著名的手写体。

Kufic الخط الكوفي

Kufic体名称来源于伊拉克的城市库费。这种字体风格的起源非常早,最早为了在石刻上应用儿创造出来。后来广泛用于抄写古兰经,以及建筑等正式场合。但其结构不利于手写,有点像汉字里的宋体。

Kufic体的特点是字母具有棱角,竖笔短而宽,横笔长。有时会用彩色写字母的原点来帮助发音。

An Arabic script, encased in a gold frame, is displayed on a white background. The script is composed of cursive letters, with the word "Allah" at the top and "Allah" at the bottom. The text is intricately designed, with red and black patterns adding to its visual appeal.An Arabic script, encased in a gold frame, is displayed on a white background. The script is composed of cursive letters, with the word "Allah" at the top and "Allah" at the bottom. The text is intricately designed, with red and black patterns adding to its visual appeal.
Kufic الخط الكوفي
A book with black cursive Arabic script on a beige background, featuring a gold leaf decoration, is displayed with a vintage feel.A book with black cursive Arabic script on a beige background, featuring a gold leaf decoration, is displayed with a vintage feel.
Kufic الخط الكوفي
An open book with Arabic script, adorned with red and black floral designs, is framed by a white border.An open book with Arabic script, adorned with red and black floral designs, is framed by a white border.
Kufic الخط الكوفي
An open book with gold-colored Arabic text, adorned with red and gold accents, is displayed on a white paper with a slight crease. The book is framed by a border, and the artist's signature is in the bottom right corner.An open book with gold-colored Arabic text, adorned with red and gold accents, is displayed on a white paper with a slight crease. The book is framed by a border, and the artist's signature is in the bottom right corner.
Kufic الخط الكوفي
A large, black Arabic script with a diamond-shaped border is encased within a beige background with floral designs. The script is surrounded by gold accents and has a gold circle at the top.A large, black Arabic script with a diamond-shaped border is encased within a beige background with floral designs. The script is surrounded by gold accents and has a gold circle at the top.
Kufic الخط الكوفي

Naskh قلم النسخ

相比Kufic,纳斯赫体更适合手写,Naskh的本意就是“复制”。这种字体因为容易书写最终取代了Kufic成了古兰经的首选字体。至今仍是印刷书籍的常用字体。

Naskh体的特点是字号小,整洁,视觉上比较平衡。字母形状更流畅和平滑,略微向左倾斜。笔画粗细比较一致。容易阅读,书写迅速。

A book with Arabic script on a green background, framed in gold, with a border and a title in Arabic script.A book with Arabic script on a green background, framed in gold, with a border and a title in Arabic script.
Naskh قلم النسخ
A vintage, black-capped Arabic script on a light beige paper with a red dot, possibly a watermark, is displayed.A vintage, black-capped Arabic script on a light beige paper with a red dot, possibly a watermark, is displayed.
Naskh قلم النسخ
An ornate gold and blue book with Arabic script, adorned with intricate floral patterns, is displayed on a white background.An ornate gold and blue book with Arabic script, adorned with intricate floral patterns, is displayed on a white background.
Naskh قلم النسخ
An Arabic script page with gold accents, adorned with floral designs, surrounded by a blue border and adorned with Arabic script.An Arabic script page with gold accents, adorned with floral designs, surrounded by a blue border and adorned with Arabic script.
Naskh قلم النسخ
A black background features a geometric pattern of colorful Arabic calligraphy, with a gold border and a small watermark in the bottom right corner.A black background features a geometric pattern of colorful Arabic calligraphy, with a gold border and a small watermark in the bottom right corner.
Naskh قلم النسخ

Thuluth ثُلُث

苏鲁斯体的本意是“one-third”,代表写出这种字的笔的尺寸。

这种字体有着很长的垂直笔画和宽间距,垂直笔画向左倾斜,曲线部分比较深。

这种风格衍生出了很多字体。常见用于标题和建筑铭文,用于传达强有力的、清晰的信息。Thuluth也经常和Naskh搭配使用。

Two identical Arabic books with gold and red borders, each adorned with a floral design, are displayed side by side.Two identical Arabic books with gold and red borders, each adorned with a floral design, are displayed side by side.
Thuluth ثُلُث
A gold and black Arabic text in gold letters is encased within a gold frame with intricate floral patterns.A gold and black Arabic text in gold letters is encased within a gold frame with intricate floral patterns.
Thuluth ثُلُث
A decorative Arabic sign with gold and white elements, framed by a floral border, is displayed on a blue background.A decorative Arabic sign with gold and white elements, framed by a floral border, is displayed on a blue background.
Thuluth ثُلُث
A gold Arabic calligraphy on a black background, framed in gold, with a gold border.A gold Arabic calligraphy on a black background, framed in gold, with a gold border.
Thuluth ثُلُث
An old book with a blue and red border, adorned with Arabic script, is framed in white. The book has a worn-out, aged appearance, with a white border and a black border. The book is encased within a white frame, and the text is written in Arabic script.An old book with a blue and red border, adorned with Arabic script, is framed in white. The book has a worn-out, aged appearance, with a white border and a black border. The book is encased within a white frame, and the text is written in Arabic script.
Thuluth ثُلُث

Muhaqqaq محقَّق

Muhaqqaq意思是“彻底感受到”和“强烈的传达”。这种字体用于书写大尺寸的古兰经、建筑铭文。

这种字体具有直立的棱角分明的字母,平衡的升部,突出的水平方向的强调,降部笔画以锐利的点结束,而不是向上弯成钩状。降部的曲线常常围住后面的字母。

A painting with Arabic calligraphy on a white background, featuring a black border and a red dot in the bottom right corner.A painting with Arabic calligraphy on a white background, featuring a black border and a red dot in the bottom right corner.
Muhaqqaq محقَّق
An old book with blue and gold decorations, featuring Arabic script, is displayed on a beige background.An old book with blue and gold decorations, featuring Arabic script, is displayed on a beige background.
Muhaqqaq محقَّق
The image features a book with Arabic script, adorned with a floral pattern and gold accents. The book is divided into three sections, each with a different design.The image features a book with Arabic script, adorned with a floral pattern and gold accents. The book is divided into three sections, each with a different design.
Muhaqqaq محقَّق

Tawqi التوقيع

这种字体意为“去签署”,这种字体常常用于统治者的签署命令,还有卷轴、文件。在波斯,常常在最后一页书写时间和地点。

Tawqi算是Thuluth的一个变体,字母更加紧凑和圆润。通常具有更短更弯曲的水平笔画。

A black cursive script with Arabic script is displayed on a white background, with a gold-colored bird in the top right corner.A black cursive script with Arabic script is displayed on a white background, with a gold-colored bird in the top right corner.
Tawqi التوقيع
An old book with a beige cover, adorned with Arabic calligraphy, is open to a page with a gold border and floral design.An old book with a beige cover, adorned with Arabic calligraphy, is open to a page with a gold border and floral design.
Tawqi التوقيع

Riqa’ رِقَاع

名称来自阿拉伯语“一片衣服”,因为这种字体常常写在小片的纸上。

Riqa‘常常用于书写信件、故事,官方的信件等。

An old book with black cursive script, adorned with Arabic and Hebrew script, is displayed on a white background. The book is open, revealing a grid of Arabic and Hebrew text.An old book with black cursive script, adorned with Arabic and Hebrew script, is displayed on a white background. The book is open, revealing a grid of Arabic and Hebrew text.
Riqa’ رِقَاع
Two books with gold and blue patterns, open to reveal intricate patterns and text, are displayed on a white background.Two books with gold and blue patterns, open to reveal intricate patterns and text, are displayed on a white background.
Riqa’ رِقَاع

Diwani خط ديواني

Diwani名称来自奥斯曼皇家法庭。最初被奥斯曼用在官方文档中。比如公告、法令、土地证明、任命等等。

这种字体的个性非常鲜明。在书写大块的文字时,会用装饰性的点填充空隙。

这种字虽然很华丽,但不管是书写还是阅读都很麻烦。

A circular illustration in Arabic calligraphy, featuring intricate swirls and lines, set against a beige background. The artist's signature is in the bottom right corner.A circular illustration in Arabic calligraphy, featuring intricate swirls and lines, set against a beige background. The artist's signature is in the bottom right corner.
Diwani خط ديواني
A black and white arabic script, possibly a calligraphy, is depicted in a gold frame, with a curved tail and a long tail.A black and white arabic script, possibly a calligraphy, is depicted in a gold frame, with a curved tail and a long tail.
Diwani خط ديواني
A digital illustration of Arabic calligraphy, set against a beige background, features a central Arabic text "Allah" in blue and white, with intricate Arabic calligraphy and a subtle texture. The artist's signature is in the bottom right corner, and the image is framed by a white border.A digital illustration of Arabic calligraphy, set against a beige background, features a central Arabic text "Allah" in blue and white, with intricate Arabic calligraphy and a subtle texture. The artist's signature is in the bottom right corner, and the image is framed by a white border.
Diwani خط ديواني
A large, blue and gold painting on a beige background features a large bird with a curved tail and a smaller bird with a pointed head, both adorned with gold accents. The painting is signed by a Persian artist and has Arabic text in the bottom right corner.A large, blue and gold painting on a beige background features a large bird with a curved tail and a smaller bird with a pointed head, both adorned with gold accents. The painting is signed by a Persian artist and has Arabic text in the bottom right corner.
Diwani خط ديواني

现代

上面介绍了很多“前现代”的阿拉伯文字体,现在也诞生了很多类似黑体、sans-serif的现代字体。

A black and white image of a page with Arabic text, divided into sections. The top section has Arabic text, while the bottom section has English text.A black and white image of a page with Arabic text, divided into sections. The top section has Arabic text, while the bottom section has English text.
Noto Sans Arabic
A black and white image of a white background with Arabic text on it.A black and white image of a white background with Arabic text on it.
Vazirmatn
A digital image of Arabic calligraphy on a white background, with a black border and a watermark in the bottom right corner.A digital image of Arabic calligraphy on a white background, with a black border and a watermark in the bottom right corner.
A digital illustration of Arabic calligraphy, featuring a central black and red calligraphy piece with intricate patterns and designsA digital illustration of Arabic calligraphy, featuring a central black and red calligraphy piece with intricate patterns and designs
Kufic الخط الكوفي
A black and white Arabic text with geometric shapes and red diamonds is centered against a beige background.A black and white Arabic text with geometric shapes and red diamonds is centered against a beige background.
A blue and black abstract painting with a bird-like figure, a circle, and a star, set against a white background.A blue and black abstract painting with a bird-like figure, a circle, and a star, set against a white background.
A digital illustration featuring a red diamond, black and red geometric shapes, and a white background.A digital illustration featuring a red diamond, black and red geometric shapes, and a white background.

希望本文能帮助你更全面地感受阿拉伯文字的魅力,对这些艺术也不再是毫无了解的状态。下一篇我将从界面设计和排版的角度,讲一讲为阿拉伯语界面做设计需要注意些什么。

参考链接

  1. Calligraphy Qalam - https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/

  2. Arabi Calligraphy - https://www.arabic-calligraphy.com/