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主人翁还是矿渣?白杨河730铀矿的血泪

人们只知道罗布泊爆炸了原子弹,却不知道有多少人为了这些“成就”付出了多大的代价

1964年10月16日,中国首颗原子弹成功爆炸,其核心原料来自新疆的铀矿。1960年,中苏关系恶化后,中国独立继续核燃料生产。恶劣的工作环境导致工人受到严重核污染。1979年关闭“730矿”后,遗留问题未解决,受害者不断上访以谋求赔偿。

  1. #原子弹
  2. #铀矿
  3. #苏联
  4. #铀矿山
  5. #文革

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An old, weathered stone archway stands in a barren landscape, surrounded by snow and mountains, with a clear blue sky above.An old, weathered stone archway stands in a barren landscape, surrounded by snow and mountains, with a clear blue sky above.

1964年10月16日,中国第一颗原子弹在罗布泊核试验场爆炸成功。在此之前,这颗原子弹在青海海北州金银滩的221厂研制完成,装入专列,一路最高级别警戒护送至乌鲁木齐车站,然后由一架伊尔-12飞机连夜运至巴州孔雀河下游的开屏机场,再用直升机运到靶心。后面的事大家都知道了。

原子弹里最重要的部分就是铀,在新疆和布克塞尔县境内,就有一个中国最早的铀矿。

20世纪50年代,苏联为了获得更多铀矿石,加上中国也想利用苏联的设备和技术,双方于1955年签订协议,对于中国的铀矿,由中方开采,除了自身需要的之外,其余由苏联收购。

接着中国成立了铀矿地质工作的管理机构:第二机械部第三局,不久在乌鲁木齐成立了519队,勘探大队大队长和副总地质师由中国人担任,总工程师和总地质师则由苏联专家担任。

1956年519队24分队在白杨河流域找到铀矿。1958年二机部提出“全民办铀矿”。

《中国核工业集团公司发展史(1955-2015)》:

通过“全民办铀矿”,获得“土法”治炼的重铀酸铵150余吨,在苏联毁约停援,铀矿山和水冶厂一时建不成的情况下,为国家初期的核燃料生产提供了原料,进而为中国第一颗原子弹的研制赢得了时间。

1960年中苏交恶,苏联专家撤走。这里继续找矿、采矿。

1963年成为第一批土法上马建设项目,掩护代号为“730矿”。先后从兵团农七师调入连队,从沈阳军区调来250余人,通过征兵召集了400多名15~17岁的学生进入矿区。

当时这里连发电机都没有,全部靠人力。

矿石是肩挑背扛,口罩是纱布做的,穿的是过膝靴子在硫酸池中翻动矿石,没有粉碎机就用铁锤人工碎石,吃的是在测量铀当量的池子里腌的咸菜,喝的是倾倒了矿渣的白杨河水。

时间来到文革后。

1978年自治区曾决定将该矿职工转调哈密雅满苏铁矿,未果。1979年决定关闭730矿,1984年撤项,1800余名矿工被安排至农七师下属农场和红山煤矿。

然而这并不是一个妥善的处理方案。由于730矿当时的开采和处理手段非常落后,工人暴露在放射性核污染环境下作业,留下很多后遗症。而他们所受的工伤貌似没有得到解决。

根据网上一个帖子的信息:

……经权威部门统计有92.16%的人受到严重核污染,在生产铀期间,妇女生321个孩子,84个怪胎(无鼻、无口、无肛门、像蛇等),18个痴呆(20多岁的大姑娘一丝不挂,手捧自己的乳房让人吃等),还有肌萎缩、肌无力等多人,问题至今没有基本解决。从1990年开始,这部分人先后有数百人去北京上访,到乌鲁木齐人民广场静坐、下跪,一次数百人徒步去北京上访,在2009年11年到12月,数百人在兵团农七师师部门前进行20余天的群体访……

我很震惊,因为我在离这没多远的克拉玛依生活了十几年,之前竟然没听说过这个地方。所以今年春节回家终于有机会到这看一看。

An orange sign with Chinese text stands in a snowy landscape, with a mountain range in the background.An orange sign with Chinese text stands in a snowy landscape, with a mountain range in the background.
An old, weathered stone archway stands in a barren landscape, surrounded by snow and mountains, with a clear blue sky above.An old, weathered stone archway stands in a barren landscape, surrounded by snow and mountains, with a clear blue sky above.
An old stone building with a doorway and windows stands in a barren landscape, surrounded by snow-covered mountains and a clear blue sky.An old stone building with a doorway and windows stands in a barren landscape, surrounded by snow-covered mountains and a clear blue sky.
The image features a mountain range with snow-capped peaks, a vast sky with white clouds, and a weathered, brown brick building in the foreground. The perspective is from a high vantage point, looking down on the ruins.The image features a mountain range with snow-capped peaks, a vast sky with white clouds, and a weathered, brown brick building in the foreground. The perspective is from a high vantage point, looking down on the ruins.
A desolate desert landscape with ruins, snow-covered mountains, and a clear blue sky.A desolate desert landscape with ruins, snow-covered mountains, and a clear blue sky.
An old, weathered stone ruins stand in a barren landscape, surrounded by snow-covered mountains and a blue sky with white clouds.An old, weathered stone ruins stand in a barren landscape, surrounded by snow-covered mountains and a blue sky with white clouds.
A desolate, weathered building with a single window stands in a barren landscape, surrounded by snow-covered mountains under a clear blue sky.A desolate, weathered building with a single window stands in a barren landscape, surrounded by snow-covered mountains under a clear blue sky.
An old, weathered stone building with arches and windows stands in a barren landscape, surrounded by snow-covered mountains and a cloudy sky.An old, weathered stone building with arches and windows stands in a barren landscape, surrounded by snow-covered mountains and a cloudy sky.
An old, weathered stone building stands in a snowy landscape, surrounded by mountains and a blue sky with clouds.An old, weathered stone building stands in a snowy landscape, surrounded by mountains and a blue sky with clouds.
A small brick building is situated in a snowy landscape, surrounded by bare trees and a mountain range. The sky is overcast, and the building is in the foreground.A small brick building is situated in a snowy landscape, surrounded by bare trees and a mountain range. The sky is overcast, and the building is in the foreground.
An aerial view of a snow-covered mountain range with a few buildings in the foreground, surrounded by a vast expanse of snow and a clear blue sky with white clouds.An aerial view of a snow-covered mountain range with a few buildings in the foreground, surrounded by a vast expanse of snow and a clear blue sky with white clouds.
An aerial view of a snowy mountain landscape with a winding road, a small yellow building, and a few scattered trees.An aerial view of a snowy mountain landscape with a winding road, a small yellow building, and a few scattered trees.
An aerial view of a snowy landscape with a mountain range in the background, a road winding through the terrain, and a clear blue sky above.An aerial view of a snowy landscape with a mountain range in the background, a road winding through the terrain, and a clear blue sky above.
An aerial view of a snowy landscape with a road running through it, surrounded by wooden buildings and a mountain range.An aerial view of a snowy landscape with a road running through it, surrounded by wooden buildings and a mountain range.
A snowy mountain range with snow-covered peaks and valleys, bare trees, and a small village in the foreground.A snowy mountain range with snow-covered peaks and valleys, bare trees, and a small village in the foreground.
An aerial view of a snowy landscape with a large open field, a few scattered buildings, and a mountain range in the distance.An aerial view of a snowy landscape with a large open field, a few scattered buildings, and a mountain range in the distance.
A snowy mountain landscape with a winding road, snow-covered trees, and a blue sky with clouds.A snowy mountain landscape with a winding road, snow-covered trees, and a blue sky with clouds.
An aerial view of a snow-covered mountain range with a winding river, surrounded by snow-covered mountains and a blue sky with clouds.An aerial view of a snow-covered mountain range with a winding river, surrounded by snow-covered mountains and a blue sky with clouds.
A breathtaking aerial view of a snow-covered mountain range with jagged peaks and valleys, surrounded by bare trees and a clear blue sky.A breathtaking aerial view of a snow-covered mountain range with jagged peaks and valleys, surrounded by bare trees and a clear blue sky.
A snowy mountain range with a valley, bare trees, and a clear blue sky.A snowy mountain range with a valley, bare trees, and a clear blue sky.
An aerial view of a snowy landscape with a long, straight road cutting through it, surrounded by a vast field of snow and a mountain range in the distance.An aerial view of a snowy landscape with a long, straight road cutting through it, surrounded by a vast field of snow and a mountain range in the distance.
An old, weathered stone bridge with three arches stands in a snowy landscape, surrounded by mountains and a cloudy sky.An old, weathered stone bridge with three arches stands in a snowy landscape, surrounded by mountains and a cloudy sky.

可惜的是,在网上并没有找到多少关于730矿的信息。

在我之前拍摄的几个工矿废墟中,冷湖油田、茫崖石棉矿都有不少亲历者在网上撰写自己当年的经历,并且在茫崖地方志里有很多关于这两个地方的信息;三道岭的地方志信息虽然少,但有超多人奔着蒸汽火车去那里拍照,那里也仍然生活着许多人,你可以通过他们了解这个地方当年的盛况。

可是730铀矿不一样,我不但找不到亲历者的回忆,在知网和万方地方志也都没有找到任何关于这里的生活及后续,有的只是关于白杨河矿床的地质学论文。网上能搜索到的信息,内容大多是雷同的,本文也不可避免复制了一些。

人们感叹长城工程量的浩大,而我关注的是修建长城的劳工的境遇。这个地方,这些人,不该就这么被遗忘。

如果你知道更多关于730铀矿的信息,请在评论区留言。